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Cell[CellGroupData[{
Cell["Lecture 3", "Section"],

Cell["\<\
Last lecture we covered Newton's Laws, Free Body Diagrams, Action/Reaction \
pairs, Pulleys and Inclined Planes, and Friction.
This lecture we will cover work and energy; power; and momentum and \
collisions.\
\>", "Text"],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Work and Energy", "Subsection"],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Work", "Subsubsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "You may have noticed -- and been distressed by -- the fact that Forces \
seem to pop up everywhere without consequences.  It is only if a force ",
  StyleBox["moves",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " an object that it has accomplished anything; in that case, we say that it \
has done ",
  StyleBox["Work",
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  ".  In the strict physics sense of the word, we find the amount the object \
moved ",
  StyleBox["only in the direction of the Force",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  ":\n\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`W\  = \ 
        F\ \[CenterDot]\ \[CapitalDelta]\[VeryThinSpace]\(s\_ \
\[DoubleVerticalBar] \)\)]],
  "\n\nEx. The Saturn V rocket weighed about 3,000,000 (",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`3\[CenterDot]10\^6\)]],
  ") kg.  At an altitude of 63 kilometers, the first stage of the rocket \
stops firing and is dropped into the ocean.  At the moment when the stages \
separate, how much work has the rocket engine done? (What force was it acting \
against)?\nEx. Positive, Negative, Zero work (p. 60 in text)\n\n",
  StyleBox["!!!! Vitally Important !!!!",
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  "\nOnly the component of the displacement ",
  StyleBox["parallel",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " to the force counts when we are talking about Work. That means that if \
the force is ",
  StyleBox["perpendicular",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " to the displacement, ",
  StyleBox["no work is done",
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  ".\nTwo important examples of this: \n\t1) The inward (centripetal) force \
on an object moving in a circle. The inward (centripetal) force is at each \
point perpendicular to the motion of the object.  Thus, that force does no \
work. \n\t2) The Normal Force on an object sliding across the floor. The \
normal force holding the object against the floor is perpendicular to the \
direction the object moves -- thus the normal force does no work."
}], "Text",
  TextAlignment->Left]
}, Open  ]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Energy", "Subsubsection"],

Cell["\<\
Ability to do Work.  Examples of forms of energy:
\tMechanical, Heat, Electrical, Chemical, Gravitational, Nuclear, ... \
\>", "Text"]
}, Open  ]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Kinetic energy / Potential energy", "Subsubsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "There are two important classes of Energy: ",
  StyleBox["Potential Energy",
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  " is stored energy an object has due to its ",
  StyleBox["configuration",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  ".  Water at the top of a mountain has gravitational potential energy; a \
pinball plunger, when pulled back, has elastic potential energy; the \
plutonium Doc sold the terrorists has nuclear potential energy.  ",
  StyleBox["Kinetic Energy",
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  " is the energy an object has due to its ",
  StyleBox["motion",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  ".  Anything moving has kinetic energy, ",
  "equal to\n\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`E\_k = \(1\/2\) m\ v\^2\)]],
  "."
}], "Text"]
}, Open  ]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Gravitational Potential Energy", "Subsubsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "One form of potential energy that will appear on the MCAT is gravitational \
potential energy:\n\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`E\_p = m\ g\ h\)]],
  "\nThis is simply the \"Work Formula\" ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`W = F\[CenterDot]d\)]],
  " with ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`F = m\ g\)]],
  " plugged in -- it is the amount of work done against gravity.\n\nWhat is \
the gravitational potential energy of the",
  " Saturn V rocket (Weight 3,000,000 (",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`3\[CenterDot]10\^6\)]],
  ") kg) at an altitude of 63 kilometers?",
  "\n\nNote:\n\t1) This is not a ",
  StyleBox["general",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " formula for potential energy; it is only for ",
  StyleBox["gravitational",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  " potential energy.  Use it whenever energy is stored into an object by \
changing its height.  \n\t2) Only the final height matters. any circuituous \
route - up, down, left, right - that gives the same final height will give \
the same final energy."
}], "Text"]
}, Open  ]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Work - Energy Laws", "Subsubsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "Energy is conserved -- it cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be \
converted among different forms. \n\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`E\  = \ E\_k + E\_p\)]],
  "\nRemember that ",
  StyleBox["Energy is the ability to do Work",
    FontSlant->"Italic"],
  ". If work is done on an object,\n\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`W\  = \ \[CapitalDelta]\[VeryThinSpace]E\)]]
}], "Text"]
}, Open  ]]
}, Open  ]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Power", "Subsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "Rate at which energy is transferred.\n",
  "\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`P = \(\[CapitalDelta]\[VeryThinSpace]E\)\/\(\
\[CapitalDelta]\[VeryThinSpace]t\)\)]],
  "\n\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`P = F\[CenterDot]v\)]],
  "\nBenchmark powers:\n\tLED: \t\t\t\t\t10 mW\n\tLight bulb: \t\t\t\t60 W\n\t\
60 HP Volkswagen Beetle engine: \t45,000 W\n\t400 HP hotrod engine: \t\t\
300,000 W\n\tSaturn V rocket engine: \t\t119,000,000,000 W\t"
}], "Text"],

Cell["\<\
In the first lecture we marvelled at the acceleration of Gary Scelzi's Team \
Winston Dragster, which made a 1/4 mile (400 m) dragstrip pass in 4.555 s at \
a top speed of 520 kph. Assume a weight of 1000 kg. What is the average power \
applied over the whole pass?\
\>", "Text"],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Efficiency", "Subsubsection"],

Cell["\<\
Benchmark:
\tLight bulb\t\t\t\t 7 %
\tCompact Fluourescent light bulb\t12 %
\tAutomobile engine\t\t\t20 %
\tElectric motor\t\t\t\t92 %\
\>", "Text"],

Cell["\<\
Dragsters, since they concentrate so heavily on raw power to the exclusion of \
anything else, have engine efficiency of about 8% efficient; assume driveline \
efficiency of 80%. The dragster uses nitromethane fuel that has an energy \
content of 15 MJ/kg.  How much fuel does the dragster use?\
\>", "Text"]
}, Open  ]]
}, Open  ]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Collisions", "Subsection"],

Cell["Momentum", "Subsubsection"],

Cell["\<\
On MCAT: \"Collisions\" \[Implies] \"Momentum Conserved\"\
\>", "Subsubsection"],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell[TextData[{
  "Completely ",
  StyleBox["Inelastic",
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  " Collisions (stuck together)"
}], "Subsubsection"],

Cell["\<\
Completely inelastic collision: glue balls, perfect velcro, etc.
Two objects share final velocity, momentum, direction.\
\>", "Text"]
}, Open  ]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell[TextData[{
  "Completely ",
  StyleBox["Elastic",
    FontWeight->"Bold"],
  " Collisions (bounce off perfectly)"
}], "Subsubsection"],

Cell["\<\
A completely elastic collision: pool balls, etc.
Kinetic Energy is conserved.\
\>", "Text"]
}, Open  ]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Impulse", "Subsubsection"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "Impulse is change in momentum (used when we have a force acting over a \
brief time).\n\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`impulse\  = \ \[CapitalDelta]\[VeryThinSpace]p\)]],
  "\nThere is an equation relating force to impulse and time:\n\t",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`F\  = \ \[CapitalDelta]\[VeryThinSpace]p\ /\ \
\[CapitalDelta]\[VeryThinSpace]\ t\)]],
  "\nIt is just a variation of Newton's Law, ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`\[Sum]F = \ m\ a\)]],
  ", and I recommend that you not waste a lot of time on the subtleties of \
this equation since you can just as well use Newton's equations and the Big \
5."
}], "Text"]
}, Open  ]],

Cell["In-Class Compendium, Passage 2", "Subsubsection"],

Cell["In-Class Compendium, Passage 1", "Subsubsection"]
}, Open  ]],

Cell[CellGroupData[{

Cell["Homework 3", "Subsection"],

Cell["\<\
1)\tUnder untimed but otherwise test conditions complete \t\t(Par time)
\t\tpp254-256 #1-12, #16-23; \t\t\t\t\t(21 mins)
\t\tFSQ pp257 #36-39; pp264-267, #1-37\t\t\t(43 mins)
2)\tUnder timed test conditions, in 58 minutes complete (5 passages, 47 total \
q's)
\t\tScience Workbook passages 5-9 \t\t\t\t(59 mins)
3)\tUnder timed test conditions complete (5 passages, 40 total q's)
\t\tScience Workbook passages 3, 15-18\t\t\t\t(52 mins)
Check your answers in the back; be prepared to ask questions on problems you \
found difficult at office hours.\
\>", "Text"]
}, Open  ]]
}, Open  ]]
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